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The Transparency Reporting Pilot

Posted on: February 29th, 2024 by Maverick Freedlander

Every year, thousands of families are deeply affected by the decisions made by the Family Court. Historically, very little was known to the public about how the Court operated, often leading to the family justice system being criticised for being too secretive.

To address these concerns, the Transparency Reporting Pilot (‘the Pilot’) was introduced in the Family Courts of Leeds, Carlisle and Cardiff in January 2023. Following a successful year, the Pilot was extended to a total of 16 Family Courts in England and Wales on 29 January 2024. 

The Pilot authorises accredited journalists and ‘legal bloggers’ to report on what they see and hear during Family Court proceedings. Reporters will also have access to confidential court documents and be able to engage in discussions with parties to the proceedings.

Before publicising their observations, reporters will need to obtain a Transparency Order from the court, which sets out exactly what they may or may not publicise in each individual case. Additionally, reporters must anonymise the parties to ensure that their identity is not disclosed.

The implementation of the Pilot is significant as it represents a departure from legislation that previously prevented the publication of this material. For the first time, hundreds of Family Court cases are now reported on in mainstream media including BBC News, The Daily Mail and The Guardian.

With this new transparency, the Pilot is credited with improving public understanding and confidence in the family justice system, as first-hand reports of family cases (including specifics of the court’s procedures and decision-making processes) are now available to the public.

This is crucial because, statistically, a significant proportion of the population will become embroiled in legal proceedings following the breakdown of a relationship. The Pilot enables the public and parties to approach proceedings with greater confidence, understanding and clarity.   

The Pilot has also improved public confidence in the family justice system. Reporters are now able to name the professionals involved in the court proceedings, including the Judges, legal representatives and local authority workers. Where this information is publicly available, the public will be able to scrutinise the decisions and actions of these professionals. This scrutiny, in turn, may lead to professionals “upping their game”, ultimately improving the system and ensuring a better outcome for the parties.

Following the extension of the Transparency Reporting Pilot, the judiciary has continued to review its impact. So far, the reviews have suggested that the Pilot has significantly increased public trust and confidence in the family courts whilst protecting the parties’ confidentiality. If the Pilot’s positive effects persist, it is possible that it will eventually become a permanent fixture and be extended to all Family Courts in England and Wales.

At Lawrence Stephens, our Family team offers bespoke advice and a wide range of services including divorces, both domestic and international, financial settlements and claims involving overseas assets, for a diverse range of clients including professionals and HNW individuals.

Lawrence Stephens advise Blue Shield Capital on £5.7 million bridging loan

Posted on: February 23rd, 2024 by Maverick Freedlander

Lawrence Stephens’ Banking and Real Estate Finance teams recently advised Blue Shield Capital on a £5.7 million 12-month bridging loan. The loan was structured as a development exit loan on a block of 14 residential apartments located in Dorset.

The teams from Lawrence Stephens and Blue Shield Capital worked hard to expedite a swift completion and have subsequently liaised with the borrower on the sale of several of the residential apartments.

On the banking side, the team from Lawrence Stephens was led by Head of Banking and Director Ajoy Bose-Mallick, with assistance from Senior Associate Ashley Wright and Trainee Solicitor Electra Kallidou. Senior Associate Rachel Coulthard advised on the Real Estate elements of this loan.

Ajoy commented: “It was a pleasure working with the team from Blue Shield Capital to complete this transaction. Well done to all those involved in getting this deal over the line with special thanks going to the Blue Shield Capital team on their entrepreneurial and dynamic spirit to complete the deal and to Rachel who was proactive in reviewing the property aspects of this deal in real time”

Lawrence Stephens acts for Gibson on new Gibson Garage opening

Posted on: February 23rd, 2024 by Maverick Freedlander

We are delighted to share that Lawrence Stephens assisted Gibson, the world-famous guitar manufacturer, in the opening of its new retail concept, Gibson Garage, the first outside of Nashville on Eastcastle Street, in the heart of London.

Director and Head of Commercial Real Estate, Danny Schwarz, handled the leasing aspects. Tom Pemberton, Director in the Construction and Development Finance department, facilitated the construction element.

Lawrence Stephens has acted for Gibson for over 15 years and oversaw the move of its showroom from Rathbone Street to Eastcastle Street, which has been in the making for over two years, with the official opening taking place on 24 February. We are very excited to continue to be part of the Gibson journey.

Click here to learn more about the Gibson Garage London.

Lawrence Stephens acts for Activate Group Limited in acquisition by Elysian Capital

Posted on: February 1st, 2024 by Maverick Freedlander

Lawrence Stephens’ Corporate and Commercial team recently acted for Activate Group Limited in its acquisition by Elysian Capital, in a deal which was completed on 22 January 2024.

Handling over 250,000 claims a year, Activate Group provides accident management services to insurance groups and corporate fleet operators. Their acquisition by private equity firm Elysian Capital will provide investment to allow the group to continue to grow and develop its UK operations.

The team was led by Managing Director Steven Bernstein, with assistance from Senior Associate Angela McCarthy and solicitors Lucy Cadley, Carla Bernstein, and Avni Patel.

Steven commented: “Growing from a small start-up to a UK-wide business, this acquisition represents an exciting new chapter for Activate, as the group continues to build upon its existing services while retaining its core expertise and identity.

“It was a pleasure to work alongside Hannah and the team from Activate to secure a result which pleased all parties – and represents exciting new growth for the Activate business.”

Hannah Wilcox, CEO of Activate Group, commented: “Steven and the team at Lawrence Stephens handled the deal smoothly and professionally, and provided crucial legal and commercial advice. They achieved excellent results on our behalf, and we are delighted to begin this new relationship with Elysian, which will allow us to continue to expand and advance our operations under a larger umbrella.”

Proposal to reintroduce employment tribunal fees

Posted on: January 10th, 2024 by Natasha Cox

The government has announced a consultation on the proposal to reintroduce fees for bringing employment tribunal claims.

First introduced in 2013, employment tribunal fees saw claimants having to pay separate fees to issue their claims and to have them heard. Fee levels differed according to the nature of the claim.

On 26 July 2017, the Supreme Court declared employment tribunal fees to be an unlawful interference with the common law right of access to justice and the fees were subsequently abolished.  

However, the government has now announced proposals to reintroduce tribunal fees. Under the proposed scheme, tribunal issue fees would be at the flat rate of £55 per claim. In the event of a multi-claimant claim, the fee would be unchanged, with the multiple claimants being treated as a single entity. No separate hearing fee would be payable.

The £55 fee would also apply on lodging an appeal in the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT), however the fee would apply per tribunal decision, direction or order being appealed. Therefore, an appellant seeking to appeal more than one tribunal decision or direction could incur multiples of the £55 fee.

A fee exemption would apply in the case of claims in which individuals are seeking a right to payment from the national insurance fund. Further, individuals could apply under the Help with Fees remission scheme where eligible. 

Based on 2022-23 volumes, the government estimates that the proposed fees could generate between £1.3 million and £1.7 million a year from 2025-26 onwards. It is expected that, if the consultation is successful, these new fees will be implemented from November 2024. For now, the status quo remains and claimants may continue to submit claims free of charge. However given the modest level of proposed fees and the cost of administering the employment tribunal, it is arguably not unreasonable to expect that fees will be reintroduced.

James Lyons comments on Tui’s delisting from the London Stock Exchange in Law360

Posted on: January 8th, 2024 by Maverick Freedlander

James Lyons, Director in the Corporate and Commercial team, discusses the wider market implications of travel giant Tui’s plan to delist from the London Stock Exchange, in Law360.

James’ comments were published in Law360, 05 January 2024, and can be found here.

“Whilst some may perceive this as a blow to the appeal of a UK listing, this decision should be viewed within the particular context of TUI, a German company borne out of a legacy merger.  It already has listings in Frankfurt and Hanover, and more than 75 per cent of the trading in its shares occurs in Germany, so this is a decision which appears to be being made for reasons very specific to TUI rather than necessarily reflective of the London market itself.  

“But it is indicative of the global competitive listing environment and another example to demonstrate why the FCA cannot rest on its laurels and should continue to push forward with changes to retain the appeal of the London market for international businesses.”

Round up of 2023 employment law

Posted on: December 18th, 2023 by Natasha Cox

As 2023 draws to an end, the employment team at Lawrence Stephens examines employment law developments of 2023 and what we’re expecting in 2024.

Holiday and holiday pay

Changes have also been made to the Working Time Regulations 1998.

All employees are entitled to 5.6 weeks’ annual leave entitlement per leave year. The 5.6 weeks is split into two ‘pots’: one pot of ordinary leave, which is four weeks, and one pot of 1.6 weeks additional leave.

Ordinary annual leave should be paid at the employee’s ‘normal’ rate of pay. This does not necessarily apply to the additional leave.

The government is amending regulations to set out what elements of pay are to be included as ‘normal’ for the purposes of the first four weeks’ leave entitlement. Unfortunately, the regulations do not list specific payments that should be included, and instead refer to certain categories, including:

  • payments, including commission payments, which are ‘intrinsically linked’ to the performance of tasks that a worker is contractually obliged to carry out;
  • payments for professional or personal status relating to length of service, seniority or professional qualification; and
  • other payments, such as overtime payments, which have been regularly paid to a worker in the 52 weeks preceding the calculation.

As per previous case law, results-based commission, certain overtime payments, allowances, etc., will still be caught, however there is still uncertainty about payments such as annual or semi-annual bonuses, and it remains to be seen whether this amendment changes much.

For irregular hours workers and part-year workers (both now defined in the regulations), the government is also introducing a new method to calculate their holiday entitlement. Essentially, an irregular hour worker or a part-year worker accrues annual leave at the rate of 12.07% of the number of hours worked, subject to a maximum of 28 days per leave year. A worker will be an ‘irregular hours worker’ if the number of paid hours that they work is ‘wholly or mostly variable’. A worker will be a ‘part-year worker’ if they are required to work only part of that year and there are periods of at least a week in which they are not required to work (and for which they are not paid). This change is intended to address the issues caused by the Supreme Court’s decision in Harpur Trust v. Brazel, in which it held that part-year workers were entitled to 5.6 weeks’ leave per year, irrespective of the hours they worked. 

The government is also introducing ‘rolled up holiday pay’ for irregular hours workers and part-year workers. Rolled up holiday pay is a system under which a worker’s holiday pay is included in their basic pay, rather than paying them when their holiday is actually taken. The practice has been unlawful since 2006 but will now be lawful under the updated regulations.

These changes come into force on 1 January 2024 for holiday years commencing on or after 1 April 2024.

TUPE

The government has announced its intention to change the transfer of undertaking consultation obligations so that there can be direct consultation with affected staff for businesses with fewer than 50 employees, or businesses of any size with fewer than 10 transferring employees. This assumes in both cases that no existing employee representatives are already in place. The regulations are expected to come into force on 1 January 2024 and the changes will apply to transfers that take place on or after 1 July 2024.

National Insurance and Minimum Wage

Class 1 employee NICs will be cut from 12% to 10% from 6 January 2024.

The NICs holiday for veterans in their first year of civilian employment will be extended to 5 April 2025.

For the self-employed, Class 2 NICs will be abolished, and the main rate of Class 4 self-employed NICs reduced from 9% to 8%, from 6 April 2024.

New national minimum wage rates to apply from 1 April 2024 have also been announced, along with a change to the threshold for being eligible for the highest rate. Over 21s will now be entitled to £11.44 per hour, with 18- to 20-year-olds being entitled to £8.60 per hour. 16- to 17-year-olds and apprentices will be entitled to £6.40 per hour.

Fire and rehire

The government has issued a draft Code of Practice on dismissal and re-engagement. It is designed to cover situations such those seen recently with P&O, where an employer makes changes to terms and conditions by dismissing employees under their old contracts and offers to re-engage them on new contracts (with less favourable terms and conditions).

The aim of the code is to clarify how employers should behave when seeking to change employees’ terms and conditions of employment. A court or tribunal will be able to take the code into account when considering relevant cases and they will have the power to increase an employee’s compensation by up to 25% if an employer unreasonably fails to comply with the code. They could also decrease any award by up to 25% where an employee has unreasonably failed to comply.

The consultation on the Code closed on 18 April 2023 and it is anticipated that the government’s response will be delivered in Spring 2024. While the code is still in draft form it is not binding, but any proposed fire and rehire processes should be carefully considered in the meantime.

Flexible working

The Flexible Working (Amendment) Regulations 2023 come into force on 6 April 2024. The regulations amend the existing Flexible Working Regulations 2014 so that the right to make a flexible working application becomes a ‘day one right’ on 6 April 2024. Currently employees must have 26 weeks’ continuous service to make a flexible working request under the legislation (however, nothing prevents employers and employees agreeing flexible working arrangements between themselves, whether formally through contractual variations, or informally). 

It is assumed that the other flexible working reforms contained in the Employment Relations (Flexible Working) Act 2023 will also commence on that date, but this has not yet been confirmed. These reforms will:

  • allow employees to make two flexible working applications every 12 months instead of one;
  • remove the requirement for employees to have to explain what effect they think their flexible working request will have on the employer;
  • require employers to consult with the employee before refusing their flexible working application; and
  • require employers to respond to flexible working requests within two months instead of three months.

Carer’s leave

The draft Carers’ Leave Act 2023 (Commencement) Regulations 2023 have been published, bringing the Carers’ Leave Act 2023 into force from 6 April 2024.

The draft regulations set out important detail relating to the Act. They state that the legislation will cover employees in England, Wales and Scotland. To be entitled to the provision, employees need to be providing long term care. Carer’s leave will be able to be taken in half or full days, up to and including taking a block of a whole week of leave at once. In a similar way to other types of leave, the notice an employee needs to give to take the leave is twice the length of time that needs to be taken. Leave requests do not need to be made in writing.

Employees taking carer’s leave will have the same employment protections associated with other forms of family related leave. This includes protection from dismissal or detriment as a result of having taken the leave.

The draft regulations still need to be passed by Parliament and it is also expected that guidance will be made available before 6 April.

Strike action

The Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 was passed in July. The act gives powers to make regulations to set minimum service levels in certain industries during strike action. The government has now made regulations under these powers to set minimum service levels for ambulance, railway and border security staff. Although the regulations are not yet in force, they are expected to be by the end of the year. A draft code of practice has also been laid before Parliament, but no minimum service levels are yet in force.

Lawrence Stephens promotes two to joint Heads of Family

Posted on: November 22nd, 2023 by AlexT

Lawrence Stephens is pleased to announce the appointment of Senior Associates Eleanor Wood and Jim Richards to joint Heads of their Family practice.

With the appointment of Eleanor and Jim to joint Heads of practice, Lawrence Stephens reaffirms its commitment to continuing its high level of integrated legal advice to a diverse range of clients including high-net-worth and high-profile individuals, foreign nationals, non-domiciles, UK nationals living abroad, and multinational families.

Commenting on the new appointments, Steven Bernstein, Managing Director and Co-Founder of Lawrence Stephens, said: “We are delighted to announce Eleanor and Jim’s appointment as Heads of our Family department. This appointment marks our continued dedication to providing the very best service for our clients, and to growing our fantastic team.”

Ranked as a ‘Key Lawyer’ in The Legal 500 and an Associate To Watch’ in Chambers & Partners respectively, Eleanor works closely with clients on complex family issues, with a particular interest in Children Act matters, including cross-border relocation, change of residence applications and internal relocations, as well as divorce and matrimonial finance work, including the division of businesses and high-value properties.

Jim, who has over 15 years of extensive experience, specialises in a range of areas of family litigation involving a number of different assets and jurisdictions, particularly financial settlements and children cases. He was also previously a member of the Law Society Children’s Panel, working on complex cases where the children were parties to the litigation.

Working closely with the firm’s other departments on connecting matters such as sale of property, wills and probate issues, inheritance planning, dispute resolution and business restructuring, the Family practice will continue to offer a coherent and broad level of service to the Firm’s existing clients whilst drawing on the strength in depth of expertise across the team.

Eleanor Wood, Head of Family, commented: “I am thrilled to be heading up Lawrence Stephens’ Family practice. Working closely with the other fantastic departments at the firm, Jim and I look forward to continuing to provide first-class service to our loyal clients.”

Jim Richard, Head of Family, commented: “It is a pleasure to be joining Eleanor as Head of Family at Lawrence Stephens. Servicing the changing needs of our clients across a wide range of service, we pride ourselves on our collaborative approach and expertise.”

Steven Bernstein discusses leadership with FEBE founder John Maffioli

Posted on: November 6th, 2023 by AlexT

 

Speaking with the founder of the FEBE Growth 100, John Maffioli, as part of the Founder Stories series, Managing Director, Steven Bernstein, discusses the importance of creating a strong and collaborative company culture and how prioritising your people is the key to leading a successful business.

Prior to founding Lawrence Stephens, Steven and his co-founders were working at a corporate city firm, a highly competitive environment where employees lacked the confidence to make decisions over their fear of failure. As a direct response to this, they set up Lawrence Stephens with the aim of being a ‘people business’ – where employees are valued and a collaborative spirit is not only encouraged, but actively fostered.

Making the step from being a lawyer to becoming a CEO, Managing Director and ultimately a business leader, Steven also describes the balancing act he faced with doing the job he really understood (in being a lawyer) with doing the job he was still learning (in running a business).

However, by not taking themselves too seriously and fostering a people-focused company culture, Steven and his co-founders successfully grew Lawrence Stephens into the firm it is today – with these values remaining a crucial part of the firm’s identity and success. By allowing his team to learn, develop and thrive in a supportive environment, Steven explains the significance of this: “those are the Partners of the future, the owners of the future…”

The role of leadership also goes beyond fostering a powerful company culture, as Steven explains. Successful founders, entrepreneurs and CEOs must be constantly asking themselves as to whether they are making the right decisions, whether they are doing the right thing for their business. In driving a business forward, Steven explains that founders must show careful consideration to the risks and decision making if they are to succeed.

From the small office where Lawrence Stephens first began to the full-service firm it has now become, with the launch of departments such as its new Sports & Entertainment practice, Steven and his co-founders are looking to build on these successes to continue to grow the firm, strengthen existing areas and look at expanding further by bringing in talented teams of lawyers to cover new areas and provide a truly full-service experience to its clients.

Click here to watch Steven’s story in full. 

Crypto assets for businesses

Posted on: November 1st, 2023 by AlexT

The business landscape is continually evolving, with technology being a major catalyst for fostering progress, increasing capabilities, and maintaining a competitive edge.

Among the recent innovations capturing the interest of businesses is the rise of crypto assets and the blockchain technology that underpins them. Major brands such as Microsoft and Sotheby’s, as well as independent companies from travel agencies to cafés, are increasingly adopting crypto assets and harnessing their potential, seeking to position themselves to benefit immensely from these distinctive digital assets.

What’s in it for businesses?

One of the main appeals of crypto assets is the swift and transparent payment transaction mechanism that they provide. In an age where cash payments are on a significant decline, the ability to facilitate fast, transparent and secure payments is appealing to consumers and businesses alike.

Additionally, transactions with crypto often attract fewer charges compared to traditional payment methods. Crypto assets do not require intermediaries to facilitate transactions and the elimination of these intermediaries like banks and payment gateways in favour of a decentralised verification system (in other words, the blockchain) minimises the costs associated with traditional payment processing. Also, by merit of being exclusively digital, crypto assets negate the need for physical payment infrastructures such as card machines.

An undeniable upside for businesses adopting cryptocurrency payment is virtually zero risk of chargebacks. With every transaction confirmed and immortalised on the blockchain forming a secure, tamper-proof and transparent record, they cannot be reversed. Consequently, businesses no longer need to wrestle with drawn-out, expensive chargeback processes.

Adopting crypto assets also offers a broader customer outreach. By bypassing traditional financial institutions, businesses can access the 1.7 billion unbanked population globally, as well as the 1.2 million unbanked individuals in the UK. Allowing for crypto asset payment also caters to the growing population of crypto asset enthusiasts,  granting a unique selling proposition amidst a competitive market.

Moreover, due to the borderless nature of crypto assets, such transactions do not require conventional currency conversions and can be sent to or from anyone in the world with a smart device and internet connection. This makes crypto assets an ideal form of payment for businesses that wish to expand their operations into new jurisdictions, without the usual friction points involved in optimising cross border payments.

What are the challenges for businesses?

Whilst there are a number of advantages for businesses, integrating crypto assets as a form of payment is not without its risks. One such risk comes from the fact that crypto assets are extremely volatile, and it is not unheard of to have massive fluctuations in a crypto assets value over a relatively small time frame of days and hours. This volatility can present challenges for businesses in being able to predict how much it will generate from crypto asset payments, and it can also expose the business to losses if the value of its crypto assets falls. In the same vein, it can also present opportunities for gains if there is an increase in the price action of a crypto asset.

For example, a retailer may sell an item for 0.035 Bitcoin (BTC), which at the time of writing is around £766. In the days after the sale the value Bitcoin may increase, such that 0.035 BTC is now worth £800. On the flipside, the value of BTC may decrease, such that the 0.035 BTC is now worth £735.

Another challenge is security. Whilst crypto assets are secured utilising complex cryptographic algorithms, they aren’t invincible against cyberattacks, phishing or fraudulent schemes. Thus, businesses using crypto assets need to be proactive in establishing robust cybersecurity defences and countermeasure procedures.

The developing regulatory environment around cryptocurrencies presents another challenge. As the legislative and regulatory landscape is still maturing, businesses adopting crypto assets as a form of payment may need to comply with unforeseen regulatory requirements and make an effort to stay informed of ongoing developments in this area.

However, with diligent planning and careful strategies, these challenges and risks can be substantially offset and mitigated.

What must businesses consider?

For businesses considering crypto asset integration, an effective policy and strategy should take into account the specific nature and operation of the business, its goods/services, geographical scope, and clientele. Particular consideration should be given the following points:

  • Choice of crypto assets: Given the plethora of cryptocurrencies available, it is important to consider which crypto assets in particular should be allowed to facilitate payment for the business. Important points to consider here would be the crypto assets stability, liquidity, popularity, and confirmation times.
  • Payment processing: It may be worth trying an external payment processor who can simplify the process of crypto asset acceptance, albeit at a cost. Alternatively, it is entirely possible to set up your own crypto payment processing system, but will require some technological expertise and knowledge.
  • Formulating guidelines: Businesses adopting crypto assets should have defined guidelines addressing transaction disputes, and refund mechanisms. There should also be procedures in place for handling price volatility, for example, through stablecoins or immediate fiat conversion upon receipt.
  • Continuous transaction oversight: Businesses allowing crypto asset payments will need need to be able to track, record, and report transactions for tax compliance. Crypto assets are taxable, and businesses will need to consider whether they choose to hold crypto assets on their balance sheet as an asset, or if they would rather liquidate the crypto assets to fiat upon receipt or at regular intervals.
  • Selecting an appropriate digital wallet: Considering the scale of operations, anticipated crypto holdings, and security requirements is vital when choosing a digital wallet. There are a variety of different wallets including cold wallets, hot wallets, custodial wallets, non-custodial wallets, multi-sig wallets and many other variations. It is important for businesses to choose a wallet which is compatible with their needs, and which they are confident with and able to keep secure.

How Lawrence Stephens can assist with your crypto challenges

While venturing into the world of crypto assets does bring its set of challenges and intricacies, the potential benefits are substantial. As with any business decision, prudent planning, accompanied by knowledgeable legal consultation, is key to ensure regulatory compliance and adept risk management.

At Lawrence Stephens, our team is adept at assisting diverse businesses in harnessing the potential of crypto assets. With our bespoke legal insights, we ensure your cryptocurrency adoption journey is seamless, safeguarded, and aligned with the developing digital finance sector.

What are crypto assets and how are they regulated?

Posted on: September 14th, 2023 by AlexT

In the age of the Digital Revolution, terms such as ‘crypto assets’, ‘cryptocurrency’, ‘tokens’, and ‘blockchain’ have become increasingly common in everyday conversations, as well as in financial, technological, and legal discourse. Despite their growing presence, adoption and relevance, misconceptions and ambiguity continue to surround this novel asset class.

Perhaps these misconceptions and ambiguity can be explained by the nuances in the terminology, which often amalgamate traditional financial and technological terms.

The terms ‘crypto assets’, ‘cryptocurrency’, and ‘crypto tokens’ are often used interchangeably, yet each has its own specific implications and considerations.

Whilst ‘cryptocurrency’ is perhaps the most commonly recognised catch-all term for this group of assets, it is somewhat of a misnomer as they do not possess all of the properties of a traditional currency (also called ‘fiat currency).

Fiat currencies are typically used as a medium of exchange for goods and services. They can also be used as a store of value and as a unit of account. They are most often issued by central banks or monetary authorities.

In contrast, cryptocurrencies are not yet widely accepted as a medium of exchange, and their inherent volatility makes them unsuitable as a unit of account. Cryptocurrencies are said to be ‘decentralised’ as they are not issued by or subject to governments, central banks or monetary authorities. However, a point should be made to contrast this with Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC’s), which are digital forms of fiat currency issued by central banks, and are often mentioned in the same discourse as cryptocurrencies.

For these reasons, the term ‘crypto assets’ is a more accurate catch-all term that we choose to adopt.

What are Crypto assets?

Essentially, they are digital assets that use cryptography for security, and utilise a form of distributed ledger technology, such as a blockchain, to record and store transactions. The wide definition of ‘crypto asset’ adopted in the UK also encompasses crypto assets such as NFT’s.

Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables the secure and decentralised functioning of crypto assets. A blockchain is a type of digital ledger that is distributed across a network of computers known as nodes, where no one single entity has control of the data.

Each block contains a list of transactions which are cryptographically linked to the previous block, which functions to create a secure and immutable record of transactions.

The decentralisation aspect of crypto assets is one of their most appealing design features. It means that they are not subject to governmental or monetary policy interference, nor are they susceptible to any single point of failure, and it also enables a number of use cases for crypto assets.

Popular and well-known crypto assets include Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ether, and Cardano, although there are now tens of thousands of crypto assets in existence.

Treatment of cryptoassets in the UK

As the adoption of crypto assets continues to grow, they have presented novel and unique challenges to governments, monetary bodies, and international regulators. One of the main challenges in regulating crypto assets is that they are global in nature and exist without borders. As such, different national regulators have taken inconsistent approaches towards their treatment of crypto assets, and it is very much a sector that is in a near-constant state of regulatory and legislative flux.

Crypto assets are not subject to any blanket prohibition or ban in the UK, in contrast to what has been seen in other parts of the world such as China. Rather, the UK government and regulators have openly recognised the substantial benefit and use cases of crypto assets and blockchain technology, which has made the UK a ‘friendly’ jurisdiction for start-ups and established companies alike, looking to develop, create, implement, and explore this space.

Aside from an outright ban on the marketing, distribution or sale of crypto-derivative products to retain consumers, there are no specific prohibitions on the use, purchase or trading of crypto assets in the UK.

The legal status of crypto assets in the UK is that they are treated and viewed as property. While there is continuing academic and legal discussion on this classification, which does not neatly fit with crypto assets, the view that crypto assets constitute property has been accepted several times by the High Court. This has provided much-needed legal clarity as to the status of cryptoassets, and how they are to be treated under existing laws and frameworks. This approach by the High Court has meant that England and Wales have emerged as a favourable forum for resolving crypto assets disputes, as the legal clarity provided allows for the application for well-established laws to this emerging asset class.

Are cryptoassets regulated in the UK?

The UK has positioned itself as a key participant in shaping the regulatory landscape for crypto assets, with bodies such as the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) taking steps to define and further classify crypto assets.

Broadly speaking, the current FCA regulatory regime refers to crypto assets by way of a token taxonomy, which then dictate whether a cryptoasset is regulated or unregulated.

Security tokens and e-money tokens are regulated by the FCA, whereas exchange tokens and utility tokens are considered unregulated tokens.

  • Security Tokens: These are crypto assets with characteristics causing them to meet the definition of a Specified Investment as set out in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001. An example of a security token is a crypto asset that represents shares in a company or functions as a debt instrument.

A security token essentially grants the holder financial rights, akin to a share or a bond, and crypto assets which exhibit characteristics and functions of a security token would be regulated.

  • E-money tokens: These are crypto assets which meet the definition of e-money and are subject to the Electronic Money Regulations 2011, and fall within the scope of regulation.
  • Utility Tokens: These are crypto assets which essentially act as digital coupons for the service, application or ecosystem they are associated with. They do not confer ownership rights (unlike security tokens) and nor do they represent an investment in the issuer. They are often used as a means of exchange for goods or services, or to acquire access to a particular service or application. Utility tokens are unregulated – examples include Basic Attention Token (BAT), Filecoin (FIL), and Axie Infinity (AXS).
  • Exchange Tokens: These include crypto assets that are used in a similar way to traditional fiat currency as a means of exchange, although they do not meet the criteria to be considered a currency. Similar to Utility tokens, they do not grant the holder any ownership rights or rights associated with specified investments. They are often held as speculative investments, as well as a means of exchange. Exchange tokens are unregulated, and examples include Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH).

The FCA takes a substance over form view in relation to crypto assets. In other words, if a crypto asset has the substance of a traditional financial instrument, regardless of whether it is in digital form, it will fall under the FCA’s regulatory ambit.

Crypto assets lacking the characteristics of a traditional financial instrument, including those like Bitcoin, Ether, and other various utility and exchange tokens, are not currently regulated. It is also prudent to note that even if a crypto asset is unregulated by the FCA, certain activities relating to or involving those crypto assets may trigger other regulatory regimes.

The prevailing sentiment appears to be indicating increasing regulation and oversight into the crypto sector, driven by concerns in relation to consumer protection, stability of the financial markets, and various financial scandals that have happened within the crypto sector in recent years. There is an ongoing consultation which proposes to bring crypto assets within the scope of existing legislation by considering them as a specified investment under the Financial Services and Markets Act (Regulated Activities) Order 2001. The consultation process remains underway, and its outcomes will significantly influence the future regulatory framework for crypto assets.

Conclusion

The landscape of crypto assets and their regulation is complex, rapidly evolving, and varies across jurisdictions. The implications for individual investors and crypto asset enterprises are substantial. The complexities of crypto assets covered in this article only scratch the surface, and it is essential to seek out expert advice in order to ensure that guidance is tailored to one’s situation.

Steven Bernstein discusses private ownership of businesses in Law360

Posted on: January 23rd, 2023 by Maverick Freedlander

Steven Bernstein, Senior Director in the Corporate and Commercial department and co-founder of Lawrence Stephens, argues that some companies fare best when owned privately, in Law360.

Steven’s comments were published in Law360, 20 January 2023.

Discussing Seraphine Group PLC’s £15.3M Takeover by Mayfair Equity Partners LLP, Steven commented: “From my perspective, it’s an interesting example that maybe not every business is well suited to be on the public market…

“And then there are some businesses that are just better owned privately, because there’s just a greater degree of flexibility, and you can make quicker decisions without the scrutiny that comes from being in a public space.”